建筑物对高架点源大气污染物扩散影响的模拟研究

运用数值方法对城市中高架点源排放大气污染物的扩散规律进行了模拟研究,在计算区域内建立了三维数学模型,并将拉格朗日法描述的颗粒轨道模型耦合到风场。本研究计算了地面风速为3 m/s时的大气流场,并模拟研究了该风场条件下气体污染物的扩散和固体颗粒污染物的运动轨迹。通过分析模拟结果,给出了高架点源中排放的气体污染物的扩散区域和固体颗粒污染物运动轨迹的变化规律。     

火灾条件下消防负载断路器性能研究

针对目前配电箱开关在火灾热影响下由于脱扣机构动作引起跳闸,不能保证消防设备供电问题,经过对消防配电箱的火灾试验研究,分析了外部热源对开关动作的影响。通过线损量的计算,得出了火灾情况下环境温度与电阻热损耗的关系。并依据双金属片热弯曲理论,推导出热脱扣机构动作力与端部位移成正比的关系。总结出消防终端设备开关热过载保护应仅用于动作信号而不应切断电源的结论。对于现有消防配电柜,给出了通过调整开关热脱扣机构倾斜角,来增加消防负荷的供电时间的方案,可以为消防供电系统断路器的可靠性设计作参考。     

复杂环境中玻璃幕墙设计风压风洞试验

风荷载是引起玻璃幕墙结构破坏的主要荷载之一,目前相应规范在玻璃幕墙设计风压取值上尚未考虑相邻建筑物的影响,其结果已经不能完全覆盖处于特定风场中的幕墙设计要求.通过风洞试验,得到了处于复杂环境中的玻璃幕墙设计风压值,介绍了目前中美两国规范关于玻璃幕墙风荷载取值的计算方法,探讨了试验值与中美两国规范计算值之间的差异.分析结果表明:对于处在复杂环境中的玻璃幕墙,现有规范设计风压的取值不是偏大就是偏小,尤其是在建筑底部的局部区域可能出现远大于规范计算值的负风压.所得结果可供同类幕墙工程设计参考.     

基于COD通量的钱塘江流域水污染生态补偿量化研究

水污染生态补偿是解决流域跨界水污染纠纷的重要措施。以行政单元为补偿主体，通过交界断面水质目标确立上下游政府间的水污染生态补偿责任，建立基于污染物通量的生态补偿量化计算方法，并提出了生态补偿运作模式。以钱塘江流域为例，根据2004年钱塘江流域水质状况，在75%保证率的水文条件下，基于COD通量估算了流域内各县（市）间水污染生态补偿量。结果表明，生态补偿量反映区域污染特点，上游地区基本上都是接受补偿者，而呈结构性污染的地区是生态补偿支付者，部分区域补偿强度超过当地经济发展水平，表明其发展不具有可持续性。钱塘江流域水污染生态补偿模式可以是政府层面上的财政支助，也可以通过项目支持、技术支持等形式实现区域间的补偿。通过生态补偿机制的实施，将对流域水环境保护起到积极的激励作用。     

Modelling and mapping long-term risks due to reactive nitrogen effects: an overview of LRTAP convention activities

Long-range transboundary air pollution has caused severe environmental effects in Europe. European air pollution abatement policy, in the framework of the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention) and the European Union Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) programme, has used critical loads and their exceedances by atmospheric deposition to design emission abatement targets and strategies. The LRTAP Convention International Cooperative Programme on Modelling and Mapping Critical Loads and Levels and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends (ICP M&M) generates European critical loads datasets to enable this work. Developing dynamic nitrogen flux models and using them for a prognosis and assessment of nitrogen effects remains a challenge. Further research is needed on links between nitrogen deposition effects, climate change, and biodiversity.     

断面污染物分布均匀度及影响因素研究

水质监测在跨行政区、跨水域功能区、排污总量控制区的水质控制与管理方面有着非常重要的作用,而断面污染物分布均匀与否是水环境监测断面采样是否具备可靠性、合理性和代表性的关键。本文根据监测采样要求提出了断面污染物分布均匀度的概念,即断面污染物分布均匀度是指在污染带内任一垂直于水流方向断面上某一污染物最小浓度值与最大浓度值之比。并就污染物排放量、河流环境水文特征、河流背景浓度、排污方式等断面污染物分布均匀度影响因素进行了分析研究,借助水质模拟技术,反演在上游有排污口情况下如何布置排污方式以满足下游监测采样的要求。这对跨界河流的水质交接、流域水环境质量管理、排污总量控制、水环境监测断面设置等方面的应用具有重要指导和借鉴意义。     

曝气生物滤池在大港油田污水处理中的应用

介绍了曝气生物滤池（BAF）在大港油田港东污水处理厂的应用，分析了污水处理系统试运中水质不稳的原因。通过调整运行参数。使污水处理系统出水水质达到COD〈55mg／l，氧氯〈10mg／l，浊度〈40NTU，满足超滤系统进水水质标准。     

基于COD通量的钱塘江流域水污染生态补偿量化研究

水污染生态补偿是解决流域跨界水污染纠纷的重要措施。以行政单元为补偿主体，通过交界断面水质目标确立上下游政府间的水污染生态补偿责任，建立基于污染物通量的生态补偿量化计算方法，并提出了生态补偿运作模式。以钱塘江流域为例，根据2004年钱塘江流域水质状况，在75%保证率的水文条件下，基于COD通量估算了流域内各县（市）间水污染生态补偿量。结果表明，生态补偿量反映区域污染特点，上游地区基本上都是接受补偿者，而呈结构性污染的地区是生态补偿支付者，部分区域补偿强度超过当地经济发展水平，表明其发展不具有可持续性。钱塘江流域水污染生态补偿模式可以是政府层面上的财政支助，也可以通过项目支持、技术支持等形式实现区域间的补偿。通过生态补偿机制的实施，将对流域水环境保护起到积极的激励作用。     

Lichen-based critical loads for atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Western Oregon and Washington Forests, USA

Critical loads (CLs) define maximum atmospheric deposition levels apparently preventative of ecosystem harm. We present first nitrogen CLs for northwestern North America’s maritime forests. Using multiple linear regression, we related epiphytic-macrolichen community composition to: 1) wet deposition from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, 2) wet, dry, and total N deposition from the Communities Multi-Scale Air Quality model, and 3) ambient particulate N from Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE). Sensitive species declines of 20-40% were associated with CLs of 1-4 and 3-9 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ in wet and total deposition. CLs increased with precipitation across the landscape, presumably from dilution or leaching of depositional N. Tight linear correlation between lichen and IMPROVE data suggests a simple screening tool for CL exceedance in US Class I areas. The total N model replicated several US and European lichen CLs and may therefore be helpful in estimating other temperate-forest lichen CLs.     

Use of residence time distribution for evaluation of gaseous pollutant volatilization from stored swine manure

Abstract

A quantification analysis for evaluation of gaseous pollutant volatilization as a result of mass transfer from stored swine manure is presented from the viewpoint of residence time distribution. The method is based on evaluating the moments of concentration vs. time curves of both air and gaseous pollutants. The concept of moments of concentration histories is applicable to characterize the dispersal of the supplied air or gaseous pollutant in a ventilated system. The mean age or residence time of airflow can be calculated from an inverse system state matrix [B]‐1 of a linear dynamic equation describing the dynamics of gaseous pollutant in a ventilated airspace. The sum elements in an arbitrary row i in matrix [B]‐1 is equal to the mean age of airflow in airspace i. The mean age of gaseous pollutant in airspace i can be obtained from the area under the concentration profile divided by the equilibrium concentration reading in that space caused by gaseous pollutant sources. Matrix [B]‐1 can also be represented in terms of the inverse local airflow rate matrix ([W]‐1), transition probability matrix ([P]), and air volume matrix ([V]) as, [B]‐1 =[W]‐1[P][V]. Finally the mean age of airflow in a ventilated airspace can be interpreted by the physical characteristics of matrices [W] and [P]. The practical use of the concepts is also applied in a typical pig unit.